Navigating the complex world of shipping containers can be daunting for both newcomers and seasoned professionals in international trade. This comprehensive guide breaks down essential container knowledge into clear, actionable information.
1. Understanding Container Sizes
Shipping containers serve as mobile homes for cargo during ocean transport. The most common standard sizes include:
- 20' Standard Container (20GP): Approximately 6.1m long, 2.6m high, and 2.35m wide with 28 cubic meter capacity. Ideal for smaller shipments.
- 40' Standard Container (40GP): Roughly 12.2m long with 58 cubic meter capacity. The most cost-effective option for medium shipments.
- 40' High Cube Container (40HC): Features 2.9m height (30cm taller than standard) with 68 cubic meter capacity. Perfect for taller cargo.
- 45' High Cube Container (45HC): The largest standard option at 13.7m long with 75 cubic meter capacity. Designed for voluminous goods.
Note: Always verify weight limits when selecting containers, as maximum payloads vary by type.
2. Container Classification Simplified
- Large Containers: Typically refers to 40' units (both standard and high cube).
- Small Containers: Generally 20' units, suitable for dense, heavy cargo.
- Tandem Operations: When a truck hauls two 20' containers simultaneously or ports load twin 20' units together for efficiency.
3. FCL vs LCL: Choosing Your Shipping Method
Full Container Load (FCL): Exclusive use of a container for one shipper's cargo. Advantages include:
- Enhanced security with no cargo mixing
- Faster transit times by eliminating consolidation
- Predictable pricing structure
Less than Container Load (LCL): Shared container space among multiple shippers. Benefits include:
- Cost savings for smaller shipments
- Flexibility for frequent small-volume shipments
Selection Criteria: FCL works best when cargo can fill one or more containers, while LCL proves economical for partial loads.
4. Container Identification Numbers
- Container Number: A unique 11-character alphanumeric identifier (4 letters + 7 digits) used for documentation and tracking.
- Seal Number: A security seal provided by carriers to prevent unauthorized access. Always verify seal integrity upon delivery.
5. Essential Container Terminology
- Tare Weight: The empty container's weight (e.g., 1.7 tons for 20GP)
- Loaded/Empty Containers: Designated as "heavy" or "light" boxes
- DC (Dry Container): Standard enclosed units for general cargo
- OT (Open Top): Containers with removable tops for oversized loads
- Demurrage/Detention: Fees for exceeding free time at terminals
6. The Bill of Lading
This critical document serves as both cargo receipt and title document, containing:
- Vessel and voyage details
- Cargo description and measurements
- Container and seal numbers
- Issuing carrier information
7. Pre-Shipment Checklist
Before dispatching cargo, confirm these details with transporters:
- Import/export direction
- Container specifications
- Cargo weight and dimensions
- Special handling requirements
- Facility operating hours
8. Weight Compliance
Two critical limits to observe:
- Overloading: Exceeding vehicle weight ratings
- Overweight: Surpassing container payload limits
Both violations carry legal penalties and safety risks. Always verify cargo weights against transport equipment specifications.